خلاصه مقالات انگلیسى

In The Name of Allah Quranic Research Quarterly

Developments in writing exegeses in ١٤th century

Making reference to quantitative and qualitative developments of ١٤th century exegeses, this article enumerates their affrimative and negational characteristics: Regarding criteria and sources, it touches upon the invalidity of Israصiliat, the requirement of Summarization in literary and literval topics, avoidance of detailed specification in verses of ordinances (Ayatul-ahkam), and moderation in relyin on traditions. It also casts a wholistic glance at new scientific, reformist and material trends in writing exegeses in ١٤ th century from the viewpoint of its affrimative outcome, and considers the techniques of topical exegesis, interpretation of Quran through Quran and simplicity in writing as newly emerged methods of this century. Finally, the author presents an analysis concerning traces of development in writing exegeses.

Influences of reformist thinking on new exegeses.

Surveying the influences of reformist movement on writing exegeses in ١٤th century, the article examines backgrounds of reformist movements in exegesis in three sections: Social, in-religious, and out-religious backgrounds, and debates religious reformistsص inspiration from religious reformism in Europe. By analyzing dimentions of reformist thought influencing the writing of exegeses in ١٤th century, the author enlists appearance of social-intellectual tendencies as well as lowering of traditional exegesis status; discouraging of exegetical utilization of revelation occasions (Asbab-e-Nuzul); avoidance of interpreting Quranic ambiguities, changes in historical approach to the Holy Quran; keeping away from religious prejudice; paying more attention to secular philosophy of religion doctrine; Quranic knowledge being regarded consistent; and finally, dealing with efficient topics and issues as among the most obvious influences of reformist thinking on writing exegeses in ١٤th century.

Expectations of the Quran in recent century exegeses

In the beginning, the author explains the term "hermeneutics" and then recounts the principles of this science and examines its latent impacts on exegetical endeavor of the interpreters. Next, he deals with the expectation of religion in Seyyed Qutbصs view, and Surveys his mental Foundations and principles such as "The Seal of the Prophecy", immortality of the Quran, genuineness of revelation and negation of egocentrism, negation of religious tolerance, and then proceeds to examine Seyyed Qutbصs theological presuppositions. Further on, the preconceptions and expectations of al-Mizan exegesis of the Quran is studied, and the mission of religion, Social dimentions of the Quran, constants and variables of the Quran, the domain of religionصs presence in human life, and enlightenment of the Quran are introduced as Allameh Tabatabaiصs most important preconceptions.

The exegesis "Fi Zilalil-Quran"

Upon introducing the writer of "Fi Zila" and the values of his exegesis, the author of this article treats Seyyed Qutbs theoretical principles and manifests the similarity of his theories to the priciples of hermeneutics (principles and methods of understanding the exegesis of sacred scriptures). In a similiar way, the author deals with the principles of hermeneutics, including the interpreters preconceptions and pre-knowledge, his expectations of the text, his concern with the historical horizon of the descending or emerging of the text, and recognition of the semantic core of the text. Meanwhile, he widely extracts Seyyed Qutbصs viewpoints regarding stylistics of Meccan and Medinite Verses, and characters of central meanings in Suras, and criticizes these viewpoints.

Scientific trend in recent exegesis.

This article proceeds to examine the scientific trend in ١٤th century exegeses as well as historical development of scientific trend, dimensions and expansion of viewpoints approving and disapproving it. Reminding central verses in scientific interpretation of the Quran, Comparison of scientific trends in Shi'ah and Sunni interpretaions as well as Scientistsص welcome to Scientific interpretation of the Quran, the author examines various applications of sciences in exegesis and while examining the outlook of revelation on scientific exegesis and touching upon the language of the Quran and the existing outlooks in thse regard, he makes the conclusion that the Quran, due to its dynamism, can be well-adjusted and coordinated with any idea originated from reality. Thus the language of science, which tends toward fact-finding and realism, can have an exegesis-Oriented contact with revelation.

* Maturation of topical exegesis in recent century

Exploring the origines of topical exegesis, the author Points out the existing foundations in this relation, and introduces the background of this procedure in the interpretation of the Quranصs way in gradual explantaion of knowledge, development of manصs sciences, and the reformersص attempt in revealing socio-scientific outlooks of Islam, as well as refutation of orientalistsص accusations made against the Quranic verses as lacking order and continuity. Then, presenting various illustrations concerning continuity of Quranic concepts, he mentions ideas of researchers of the Quran in this regard, and finally points out the general and specific requirements in topical exegesis: Systematic approach to concepts of the Quran; Scientific topicology, not interfering subjectivities, and proper utilization of Ahlul-Baytصs (AS) traditions.

Sources and methodology of ١٤th,c. topical exegesis

In this article efficient means and sources used in topical exegesis of the Quran are treated and the roles of the Quran, traditions, interpretersص opinions, language, history, intellect, experimental sciences...., in the procedure of topical exegesis have each been reviewed. Next, various methods adopted by ١٤th century interpreters in topical exegesis and the viewpoints of researchers of the Quran in this regard have been critically reviewed. Subsequently each of ordinal-topical, scietific-topical, and literary-topical exegesis methods has been reviewed and then, slippages and abnormalities in the process of topical exegesis of the Quran, such as scientism (science-centeredness), pragmatism, and impressionability by alien thought in its various forms, have been analysed and measured.

* The analysis of deficiencies in ١٤th,c. Scientific exegeses

In this article, the author, expressing a critical attitude towards using sciences and the products of human knowledge in the process of exegesis, considers most slippages in scientific exegesis as risen from several factors and backgrounds. The thought of comprehensiveness of the Quran, proof of consistency between science and religion, too much confidence in scientific opinion, cultural failure of Islamic Civilization and the westomaniacصs efforts for conformity, eclecticism and misuse of religion and finally unfamiliarity with and negligence of exegesis rules have been among factors which created ambiguities in works of exegesis of this century.

Deviations and slippages in the present century exegeses.

In continuation of the previous article, this article, too, proceedes to criticize opinions held by present century interpreters of the Quran on certain economic, legal, penal topics and philosophy of history. Similarly, interpretersص justifications and analyses of such issues as usury, polygamy, political philosophy of religion, analysis of democracy, penal laws, and philosophy of history are tested and criticized. The writer has then reviewed improper Use of scientific methods by interpreters in their exegeses, mentioning some examples in this regard, and finally introduced the interpretation and justification of Jesus (AS) ascension as an example of pluralistic exegesis.

Status and application of intellect in four recent exegeses

This article intends to test the degree of validity and the impact of intellect on comprehension of divine words and understanding and interpreting religious texts, and also to evaluate the way present century interpreters encounter with the intellect and its application in interpretation of the Quran. The author has ellaborated his attitude by reviewing four exegeses: al-Mizan, al-Manar, al-Furqan, and Fi Zilalil-Quran. Taking a glance at al-Mizan, it could be found that in Allamahصs view, the value of intellect and thought not only has a philosophical and demonastrative basis but is also rooted in Quranci knowledge. However, Allamah tries not to mingle philosophical topics and terminology with the exegesis of the Quran. The authors of al-Manar have, due to their social and political reformist positions and enmity with culture, had intellectualistic and scientistic inclinations. The author of Tafsir al-Furqan believes that the intellect, in order to have a proper cognition, has to be sustained and enlighted by revelation, and revelation, in turn, requires intellect in order to settle in manصs mind and Soul. In the meantime, the writer of Tafsir Fi Zilal, through a critical view on intelectualism, finds his mission as setting more restraints upon the role of intellect in interpretaion of divine revelation.

Merits & demirts of Tafsir-al-Manar

The author has, in this article, introduced Tafsir al-Manar, the way it has been written, and the writerصs (Rashid Rida) Quranic attitudes. He has thethen reviewed characteristics of Shaikh Mohammad 'Abduhصs exegetical school and the degree of its impact on the method used by Rashid Rida and similarities and differences in methods of these two exegeses. Following that, he examines criteria required in interpretation of the Quran according to al-Manar and characteristics of this exegesis in intellectural attitude, religious reform, the role of history in exegesis, importance of tradition in exegesis, and the procedure used in al_ manar in interpreting ambiguities of the Quran. At the end, considering extremism in intellectualism, modernism, intense philosophical bigotry, and Salafism as shortcomings of this exegesis, he takes some examples of them into further consideration.

Principles of Tafsir-al-Furqan

The article, in a comparative view and by referring to the exegetical method of interpretation of Quran through Quran as the procedure adopted in the above-mentioned Tafsir, enumerates its common and specific features comparing other exegeses. Also, mentioning the interpreterصs viewpoint on the Quran and the components such as order and proportionality of verses, distortion, abrogation, the exterior and the interior of the Quran, the unquivocal and the ambiguous verses, and occasions of revelation, it takes a look at the status of tranditions in the egegesis "al-Furqan", and includes, on the whole, that this exegesis is by style and content a novel shi'ah one, in which there are new points that place the readers in a new sphere of concepts and meanings for comprehending the Quran and reasoning by it.

A Critic on Tafsir-i-al-Munir

Al-Munir is a newly written exegesis of the Quran by Dr.Wahbah Zuhaili, welcomed by Quran researchers. In this article the writer of the exegesis is introduced and his motivation of this work, a brief introduction of the exegesis and its exegetical procedure is briefly reviewed. Finally, the trend of the exegesis and various references are introduced and its superiorities and deficiencies are recounted.

A bibliography of ١٤th century exegeses

In this collection, over ٨٠٠ books dealing entirely or partly with the interpretation of the Qurans whose authors have passed away after ١٣٠٠ A.H. are briefly introduced. This bibliography consists of five separate sections: exegeses of the whole Quran; incomplete exegesis of the Quran; exegeses of a single surah; and exegeses of a single verse and the unspecified exegeses. Under each title the name of the book, authorصs name, his birthday and date of his death, his religion, place of publication, date of publication, the publisher, together with the introducing source of the book are included.